Adverbios Comparativos

La mayoria de los adverbios comparativos y superlativos se forma con ‘more’ y ‘most’.
Can you drive more carefully, please? / ¿Puedes conducir con más cuidado por favor?
Los adverbios que tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos, se forman con ‘er’ y ‘est’.
Los más usados son :

Fast, early, hard, long, near, high, low, soon, easy, slow, loud, quick.

They all play badly, but he plays worst of all / Todos juegan mal, pero él es el que peor juega.
She speaks slower (Informal) than Andy. / Ella habla más despacio que Andy.(También se puede decir ‘more slowly’).
Nobody gets up earlier than Wally. Nadie se levanta más temprano que Wally

Preposiciones

Las preposiciones en inglés se pueden clasificar en: Preposiciones de lugar, preposiciones de tiempo, preposiciones de dirección, etc. Las preposiciones son palabras que relacionan los elementos de una oración.

Preposiciones de Lugar - Página 1  
on, upon, in, at, inside, outside, above, below  
Preposiciones de Lugar - Página 2 
over, under, beneath, underneath, by, near, close to, across
Preposiciones de Lugar - Página 3 
along, a/round, against, on top of, at the bottom of, in front of, 
Preposiciones de Lugar - Página 4 beside, next to, within, beyond, between, among, amid, before, …

Preposiciones de Dirección - Página 1 
up, down, into, out of, on, onto, off, over, under, to,  
Preposiciones de Dirección - Página 2 
towards, away from, along, across, through, around, by, past, after

Preposiciones de Tiempo - Página 1  
about, around, before, after, during, over, for, throughout,  
Preposiciones de Tiempo - Página 2  
since, until, to, past, between…and… , within, from…to/till/until, as from/of
Preposiciones de Tiempo - Página 3   by, beyond, on, at, in, …

At/On/In - de tiempo At 5 o'clock, On Wednesday, In May, …  
At/On/In - de lugar   At home, On a bus, In Argentina, …

Listado de las preposiciones con ejemplos

Preposiciones - Página 1 about, above, according to, across, after, against, ahead of Preposiciones - Página 2 all over, along, alongside, amid, amidst, among, apart from Preposiciones - Página 3 around, round, as of, as from, as for, as to, at, because of, before Preposiciones - Página 4 behind, below, beneath, underneath, beside, besides, between Preposiciones - Página 5 beyond, but, by, concerning, regarding, considering, contrary to Preposiciones - Página 6 despite, in spite of, down, due to, owing to, during, except, for Preposiciones - Página 7 for, from, in, inside, in front of, instead of, into, like, minus, near Preposiciones - Página 8 next to, of, off, on, upon, onto, on top of, opposite, out of, outside Preposiciones - Página 9 over, past, per, plus, regardless of, since, through, throughout, to Preposiciones - Página 10 towards, under, underneath, beneath, unlike, until, till, up, up to, via

 Preposicion

Adverbios de Modo / Adverbs

Utilizamos estos adverbios cuando queremos expresar la manera en que se realiza una acción. En general se forman agregando "ly" al final del adjetivo.
La mayoría terminan en 'ly' que equivale a la terminación 'mente' n castellano. Generalmente derivan de adjetivos

Adjetivo	Adverbio
slow (slóu) - lento	slowly (slóuli) - lentamente
easy (iisi) - fácil	easily (íisili) - fácilmente
careful (kérful) - cuidadoso	(kérfuli) - cuidadosamente
simple (símpl) - simple	simply (símpli) - simplemente
happy (jápi) - feliz	happily (jápili) - felizmente
natural (náchural) - natural	naturally (náchurali) - naturalmente

También hay excepciones a esta regla:

Adjetivo	Adverbio
good (guud) - bueno	well (uél) - bien
fast (fast) - rápido	fast (fast) - rápidamente
hard (járd) - duro	hard (járd) - duramente

Más ejemplos con adverbios y sus opuestos:

Adverbio	Adverbio Opuesto
well (uél) - bien, adecuadamente	badly (bádli) - mal, de mala manera
better (bérer) - mejor	worse (uérs) - peor
together (tchuguéder) - juntos	separately (sépritli) - separadamente
carefully (kérfuli) - cuidadosamente	carelessly (kérlesli) - descuidadamente
right (ráit) - correctamente	wrong (rong) - incorrectamente

Ejemplos:

• The old man walked slowly
  El anciano caminaba lentamente.
• The detective carefully gathered the evidence.
  El detective cuidadosamente reunió la evidencia.
• She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
  Ella se movía lentamente y hablaba bajo.
• It rained continually for five days.
  LLovió continuamente por cinco días.
• They work very hard to save money.
  Ellos trabajan muy duro para ahorrar dinero.
• She knows me well.
  Ella me conoce bien
• They drive fast when they go in that car.
  Ellos manejan rápido cuando van en ese auto.
• The teacher looked angrily at the students.
  La profesora miró enojadamente a los estudiantes.
• John and Susan decided to live together.
  John y Susan decidieron vivir juntos.

Más adverbios y ejemplos:

badly (bádli) - mal
well (uél) - bien
better (béter) - mejor
worse (uórs) - peor
slowly (slóuli) – lentamente, despacio
fast (fast) – rápido, rápidamente

• No wonder you’re tired, you slept badly last night.
  No me extraña que tú estés cansado, dormiste mal anoche.
• Juan worked with Susan for two years so he knows her well.Juan trabajó con Susan por dos años entonces él la conoce bien.
• Janet dances better than Sabrina does.Janet baila mejor que Sabrina.
• Lawrence did worse than Charles in the midterm exam.A Lawrence le fue peor que a Charles en el examen de mitad de trimestre.
• I'm sorry but I can't follow you. Could you speak slowly, please?Disculpe pero no puedo seguirle. ¿Podría usted hablar despacio, por favor?
• It's dangerous to drive so fast!¡Es peligroso conducir tan rápido!

loudly (láudli) - fuerte, en voz alta
quietly (kuáietli) - tranquilamente, en voz baja
suddenly (sádenli) - repentinamente
only (óunli) - sólo, sólamente
really (ríili) - realmente
hard (járd) - fuerte, duro, mucho
softly (sóftli) – suavemente

• I can’t hear you with all this noise. Please speak loudly.No puedo oírle con todo este ruido. Por favor hable en voz alta.
• The cat walked quietly on the roof.
  El gato caminó silenciosamente por la azotea.
• Suddenly the lights went off and we couldn’t see anymore.
  De repente las luces se apagaron y no pudimos ver más.
• Bill must be tired. He slept only three hours last night.
  Bill debe estar cansado. Él durmió sólo tres horas anoche.
• Do you really love Paul?¿Realmente amas a Paul?
• Freddy works so hard that he got a raise.Freddy trabaja tan duro que él consiguió un aumento de sueldo.
• Sarah is singing softly while holding her baby.Sarah está cantando suavemente mientras sostiene a su bebé.

together (tchuguéder) - juntos
separately (sépareitli) - por separado
alone (alóun) - solo
happily (jápili) - felizmente
easily (ísili) - fácilmente
carefully (kéerfuli) – cuidadosamente

• They lived together for two years and then got married.Ellos vivieron juntos durante dos años y luego se casaron.
• The lecturer presented each topic separately.El conferenciante presentó cada tema por separado.
• Jane brought up three children all alone.Jane crió a tres niños absolutamente sola.
• When the girl saw the gift, she smiled happily.Cuando la muchacha vio el regalo, ella sonrió felizmente.
• That smart kid gets bored easily in class.Ese inteligente niño se aburre fácilmente en la clase.
• I was walking carefully along the bridge, when it collapsed.Yo estaba caminando con cuidado por el puente, cuando se derrumbó.

carelessly (kéerlesli) - descuidadamente
successfully (saksésfuli) - exitosamente
actually (áktchuali) - en realidad, de hecho
reluctantly (riláktantli) - de mala gana
intentionally (inténshonali) - intencionalmente
accidentaly (aksidéntali) – accidentalmente

• Bob got dressed carelessly and rushed to work.Bob se vistió descuidadamente y se fue rápido al trabajo.
• The rocket was launched successfully.
  El cohete fue lanzado con éxito.
• Actually, it was Anne who told me the truth.
  Realmente, fue Anne quien me dijo la verdad.
• Betsy reluctantly left the party because she had to study.
  Betsy de mala gana abandonó la fiesta porque ella tenía que estudiar.
• The bus driver didn't hurt the pedestrian intentionally.
  El conductor del autobús no hirió al peatón intencionadamente.
• Oh, I apologize, I accidentally dented your car.
  Oh, pido perdón, accidentalmente abollé su coche

Frases Infinitivas (Infinitive Phrases)

Una frase infinitiva en inglés o infinitive phrase, es un infinitivo y sus palabras relacionadas. Una frase infinitiva actua como sustantivo, adjetivo o adverbio.

Los infinitivos pueden ser combinados con otras palabras para formar frases infinitivas. Presta atención a los siguientes ejemplo

• Babe Didrikson liked to try every sport, (infinitivo con objeto directo).
• To excel in sports was her greatest joy. (infinitivo modificado por una frase preposicional)
• America's great woman athlete had to practice hard, (infinitivo modificado por un adverbio)

Todas las palabras en una frase infinitiva trabajan como una parte de la oración. Una frase infinitiva usada como sustantivo puede ser sujeto, objeto directo, predicado nominativo, u objeto de preposición.

• Subject:   To win two events in the 1932
• Direct Object: Olympics was one of her achievements.
• Direct Object: Didrikson later decided to become a professional golfer.
• Predicate Nominative:   Her goal was to play better.
• Object of Preposition:   She wanted little except to win the tournament

Las frases infinitivas usadas como adjetivos modifican sustantivos o pronombres

• She was an athlete to admire for many reasons.

Las frases infinitivas usadas como adverbios generalmente modifican verbos y adjetivos

• Fans gathered to watch her.  They were anxious to see her.

Fuente:  Ejemplode.com / Infinitive Phrases (Frases Infinitivas)

Phrasal Verbs

Datamigo: Phrasal Verbs: "Phrasal 2AB.doc"

ESL Links / Enlaces / Links para Aprendizaje de Inglés.

Datamigo: ESL Links / Links para Aprendizaje de Inglés.: "ESL Test Links.doc"

Perfect forms - Simple or Progressive?

There are two types of perfect tenses; simple perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect and future perfect) and progressive perfect tenses (present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive and future perfect progressive). The perfect forms are generally used to represent something that has happened up to another point in time. For example:

Present

Peter has visited Paris twice. (In his life, up until now)
Jane has been playing tennis for two hours (until now)

Past

They had lived in New York for 3 years before they moved to Seattle. (up to the time they moved to Seattle)
She had been studying for 4 hours when he arrived. (The four hours directly before he arrived)

Future

We will have finished the course by this time next year. (up to this time a year from now)
I will have been working for 2 hours by the time he arrives tomorrow. (the two hours before he arrives tomorrow)

So, what are the differences between the simple and progressive forms of the perfect? Well, first of all remember to keep in mind the progressive is only used with ACTION verbs (see last week's feature for examples of non-action or state verbs). Another important difference is that we use the simple perfect forms to express finished QUANTITIES and the progressive perfect forms when we are stressing the continuous duration of a specific action mentioned.
Now, let's take a look at the specific differences between the two forms:

PRESENT

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1) Recent activity: to emphasize the recency of a past activity. we often use lately or recently - Example: She's been working hard recently
2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity - Example: Jack has been painting for 4 hours.
3) Recently finished activity with a present result - Example: I've been working in the garden, that's why my hands are so dirty.
4) No difference in meaning. Often the present perfect progressive and the present perfect can have the same meaning. This is often the case with verbs of living, occupation or vocation) - Example: I've been living in Leghorn for 3 years. OR I've lived in Leghorn for 3 years.

PRESENT PERFECT

1) Indefinite time in the past (experience). Emphasis is on the completed action at an indefinite time in the past. - Example: Susan's written 3 books.
2) Emphasis on QUANTITY - Example: I've read 300 pages of Tom Smith's latest book.
3) Duration from past to present (see #4 of present perfect progressive) - Example: Peter has worked for that company for 5 years

Here is an excellent example of the difference between the two forms when referring to duration of an activity as compared to quantity:

He's been driving for 6 hours. He's driven 320 miles.

PAST

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Past perfect progressive is used to express CONTINUOUS activity up to a specific point of time in the past.
Example: They had been waiting for 2 hours before their friends finally arrived.

PAST PERFECT

Past perfect is used to express FINISHED activity before a specific point of time in the past.
Example: He had already eaten when his wife came home.

FUTURE

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1)Future perfect progressive is used to emphasize the length of time or duration of an event occurring before and up to another event in the future. - Example: By the time they arrive, we will have been waiting for 4 hours!
2) To emphasize the duration of an activity. - Example: John will have been studying for 6 years by the time he finishes his exam.

FUTURE PERFECT

1) Future perfect is used to refer to an event completed before another future event or time. - Example: By the time Mary finishes this course, she will have taken 26 exams.
2) To emphasize not how long something has taken, but that the action is completed. - Example: By the time he retires, he will have worked for 36 years.

Here is a little quiz to check your knowledge:

1. They a) have been working b) have worked in the garage, that's why their clothes are greasy.
   _____
2. She a) had met b) had been meeting John before he came to work here.
   _____
3. By the time the letter arrives, a) I will have left b) I will have been leaving.
   _____
4. When Karen telephoned, they a) had been studying b) had studied for two hours.
   _____
5. I'm tired. I a) have just finished b) have just been finishing my homework.
   _____
6. Peter a) has been reading b) has read 3 books by Hemingway.
   _____
7. By the time we finish, we a) will have painted b) will have been painting for 4 hours.
   _____
8. I made sure that I a) had learned b) had been learning Italian well before I left for Rome.
   _____
9. She a) has known b) has been knowing John for 10 years.
   _____
10. They a) have thought of you b) have been thinking of you a lot recently.

Fuente: ESL.About.com, Perfect Forms

Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives

Comparatives and Superlatives  are special forms of adjectives. They are used to compare two or more things. Generally, comparatives are formed using -er and superlatives are formed using -est. This page will explain the rules for forming regular comparatives and superlatives, and also show some basic ways of using them.

Forming comparatives and superlatives

How these forms are created depends on how many syllables there are in the adjective. Syllables are like “sound beats”. For instance, “sing” contains one syllable, but “singing” contains two — sing and ing. Here are the rules.

Adjective form	Comparative	Superlative
Only one syllable, ending in E. Examples: wide, fine, cute	Add -R: wider, finer, cuter	Add -ST: widest, finest, cutest
Only one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end. Examples: hot, big, fat	Double the consonant, and add -ER: hotter, bigger, fatter	Double the consonant, and add -EST: hottest, biggest, fattest
Only one syllable, with more than one vowel or more than one consonant at the end. Examples: light, neat, fast	Add -ER: lighter, neater, faster	Add -EST: lightest, neatest, fastest
Two syllables, ending in Y. Examples: happy, silly, lonely	Change Y to I, then add -ER: happier, sillier, lonelier	Change Y to I, then add -EST: happiest, silliest, loneliest
Two syllables or more, not ending in Y. Examples: modern, interesting, beautiful	Use MORE before the adjective: more modern, more interesting, more beautiful	Use MOST before the adjective: most modern, most interesting, most beautiful

How to use comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives	Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with THAN, or you can use a conjunction like BUT. Examples: Jiro is taller than Yukio. Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.
Superlatives	Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use THE, because there is only one superlative. Examples: Masami is the tallest in the class. Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but Masami is the tallest.

Fuente: Study Zone, Comparatives and Superlatives

Making Questions , Yes / No Questions

Making Questions

There are many different ways to form questions. We will look at two kinds of questions. One is called a yes / no question and the other is called a WH- question.

1. Yes / No Questions

A yes / no question is a question that can be answered with yes or no. Yes / no questions can be formed using the words is / are or do / does.

The most common type of yes / no question is formed by putting a to be verb (for example, is or are) at the beginning of a question.

Making a Question with a “To Be” Verb

Example (be-verb: IS)

Statement	Question	Answers
Elliot is reading a book.	Is Elliot reading a book?	Yes, he is. No, he isn't.

Example (be-verb: ARE)

Statement	Question	Answers
They are from Greece.	Are they from Greece?	Yes, they are. No, they are not.

Another common type of yes / no question is formed by adding do or does at the beginning of a sentence.

The form of this kind of yes / no question is: Do / Does + subject +verb*

Making a Question with “Do” or “Does”

Statement	Question	Answers
I eat breakfast at 7 a.m.	Do you eat breakfast at 7 a.m.?	Yes, I do. No, I don't.
I listen to music.	Do you listen to music?	Yes, I do. No, I don't.
He doesn't work on the computer.	Does he work* on the computer?	Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
We don't watch TV every night.	Do we watch TV every night?	Yes, we do. No, we don't.
I start work at 8 p.m.	Do you start work at 8 p.m.?	Yes, I do. No, I don't.
It takes* an hour to walk home.	Does it take an hour to walk home?	Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.

 Fuente: Study Zone, Making Questions

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal 2AB.doc